Metamaterials hold broad application prospects in crude oil sulfur content detection, yet existing sensors still suffer from insufficient sensitivity. To enhance the sensor sensitivity, a terahertz metamaterial sensor for crude oil sulfur content detection based on toroidal dipole is proposed. Its structure is composed of two parts: a metal resonant layer consisting of double split elliptical rings and a central rectangular metal strip, and a quartz substrate, with an integrated microfluidic channel for detection. When terahertz waves are at normal incidence, a transmissive resonance peak with a quality factor (Q-factor) of 19.78 is formed at 0.8905 THz. Simulation analyses of the electric field, surface current, and magnetic field at the resonant frequency indicate that the toroidal dipole plays a dominant role at this frequency. In addition, the influence of structural parameter variations on the Q-factor of the sensor is explored, and the thickness and refractive index sensing performances are analyzed. It is found that the sensor is insensitive to the incident angle of terahertz waves, and its refractive index sensitivity reaches as high as 200.4 GHz/RIU. Simulation verification of the resonant frequencies of crude oil with different sulfur contents demonstrates that the sensor possesses excellent sensing characteristics and can accurately measure the sulfur content of crude oil.