Solar cell is the core component of photovoltaic power generation system,their optical reflection characteristics have an important theoretical significance for the research of power generation efficiency and defect detection of PV module,but it is difficult to observe and measure them directly in practical applications.In this paper,the optical transmission process of PV module is studied based on Fresnel′s law and multilayer media model.Firstly,the bidirectional reflection transmission model of solar cell surface is established based on the microfacet theory.Then the polarization bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF) of the solar panel is derived with the help of multilayer media model,the optical polarization characteristics observation platform of PV module is built by polarization camera and polarization experiments are carried out.Based on the above mentioned model, the genetic algorithm is used to invert the model parameter from the experimental measurement data and the simulation curve of polarization information with the observation angle is derived.The results show that the experimental observation data of the optical transmission model proposed in this paper can be in good agreement with the simulated values,which provides a new theoretical reference for studying the defect detection of solar panel surfaces.